1. 违犯:违反或藐视(如法律,诺言等)：be treated as an outcast 遭到被人赶出似的对待. | 13. violating 违犯:违反或藐视(如法律,诺言等) | Dr. Thomas was condemned for violating medical ethics. 托玛士大夫因违反医德而受谴责.

2. 干扰,违反,妨碍：pesticides 农药 | violating 干扰,违反,妨碍 | digest 消化,通汇贯通