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We're declaring war against cancer and we will win this war by 2015. This is what the U.S. Congress and the National Cancer Institute declared just a few years ago in 2003. Now, I don't know about you, but I'm from one, I don't buy that. I don't think we quite won this war yet. And I don't think anyone here will question that. Now, I will argue that the primary reason why we're not winning this war against cancer is because we're fighting violently. I'm going to start by just sharing a little story, about a good friend of mine. His name is Ehud. A few years ago, Ehud was diagnosed with brain cancer, and not just any type of brain cancer. He was diagnosed with one of the most deadly forms of brain cancer. In fact, it was so deadly that the doctors told him that they only have 12 months, and during those 12 months, they have to find a treatment or a cure, otherwise he will die.

Now the good news, they said, is that there are tons of different treatments to choose from. But the bad news is that in order for them to tell if a treatment is even working or not, it takes about three months. So they cannot try many things. Ehud is now going into his first treatment. Just a few days into that treatment, he tells me, "I think this is working. Something's happening." Unfortunately, three months later, we got the news: it didn't work. He goes into his second treatment and then third, and as predicted, Ehud dies. Witnessing this up close, I was filled with outrage, questioning why this is the best medical care available. Further research revealed that Ehud's case is not unique; we are struggling with cancer treatment broadly across the board.

Looking at statistics, one can see that cancer remains a major issue. While some cancers like stomach cancer have essentially been eliminated due to improved food preservation, other types, like lung cancer, still pose enormous challenges. The refrigerator, not a breakthrough drug or diagnostic tool, significantly reduced stomach cancer cases by preventing consumption of spoiled meats. Although decades of research have made progress, we still face considerable obstacles in effectively treating cancer. The fundamental problem is that we are still fighting blindly without precise information, and this is where medical imaging and technological innovation become crucial.

Medical imaging, such as PET scans, has transformed how we observe tumors. PET CT scans combine structural and functional imaging by highlighting areas of high sugar metabolism. Sugar molecules tagged with tracers are injected into patients; tumors and certain organs light up as sugar is absorbed. This non-invasive technology allows doctors to identify tumor locations without physically examining each cell. However, its limitation is substantial: a single hotspot represents around 100 million cancer cells, far larger than the handful needed for early detection. Thus, while revolutionary, current imaging cannot detect cancer at the earliest, most treatable stage.

Imagine being a brain surgeon, faced with a tumor the size of a golf ball. Differentiating between healthy and cancerous tissue is nearly impossible by touch alone. Surgeons must decide whether to remove additional margins to ensure no cancer cells remain, risking unnecessary removal of healthy tissue. Such decisions are made daily, demonstrating the high-stakes nature of cancer surgery. The need for more precise guidance during operations is clear. Traditional methods are far from optimal, prompting the development of new solutions that allow exact identification of cancer cells.

In our lab, we experimented with gold nanoparticles programmed to seek out cancer cells. Injected into patients, these particles act like secret agents, marking cancer cells for detection with specialized imaging cameras. In animal models, such as mice, this approach allows surgeons to remove only tumor tissue while sparing healthy brain matter. Even tiny leftover tumor cells, which cause recurrence, can be identified and removed. This innovation drastically reduces the guesswork in surgery and increases treatment accuracy, potentially revolutionizing cancer therapy.

Looking forward, medical imaging aims to detect each individual cancer cell. This ability would enable early intervention when tumors are minuscule, drastically improving outcomes. Furthermore, it allows real-time monitoring of treatment effectiveness, reducing unnecessary suffering from ineffective chemotherapy. Although we are still far from declaring victory in the war against cancer, advanced imaging technologies give hope that future treatments will be precise, guided, and far less blind than today.